The Mysterious Tunguska Explosion of 1908

At 7:14 a.m. on June 30, 1908, a giant explosion shook central Siberia. Witnesses close to the event described seeing a fireball in the sky, as bright and hot as another sun. Millions of trees fell and the ground shook. Although a number of scientists investigated, it is still a mystery as to what caused the explosion. The Blast The explosion is estimated to have created the effects of a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, causing buildings to shake, windows to break, and people to be knocked off their feet even at 40 miles away. The blast, centered in a desolate and forested area near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Russia, is estimated to have been a thousand times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The explosion leveled an estimated 80 million trees over an 830 square-mile area in a radial pattern from the blast zone. Dust from the explosion hovered over Europe, reflecting light that was bright enough for Londoners to read at night by it. While many animals were killed in the blast, including hundreds of local reindeer, it is believed that no humans lost their lives in the blast.   Examining the Blast Area The blast zones remote location and the intrusion of worldly affairs (World War I and the Russian Revolution) meant that it wasnt until 1927 -- 19 years after the event -- that the first scientific expedition was able to examine the blast area. Assuming that the blast had been caused by a falling meteor, the expedition expected to find a huge crater as well as pieces of the meteorite. They found neither. Later expeditions were also unable to find credible evidence to prove the blast was caused by a falling meteor. Cause Of the Explosion In the decades since this huge explosion, scientists and others have attempted to explain the cause of the mysterious Tunguska Event. The most commonly accepted scientific explanation is that either a meteor or a comet entered the Earths atmosphere and exploded a couple of miles above the ground (this explains the lack of impact crater). To cause such a large blast, some scientists determined that the meteor would have weighed around 220 million pounds (110,000 tons) and traveled approximately 33,500 miles per hour before disintegrating. Other scientists say that the meteor would have been much larger, while still others say much smaller. Additional explanations have ranged from the possible to the ludicrous, including a natural gas leak escaped from the ground and exploded, a UFO spaceship crashed, the effects of a meteor destroyed by a UFOs laser in an attempt to save Earth, a black hole that touched Earth, and an explosion caused by scientific tests done by Nikola Tesla. Still a Mystery Over a hundred years later, the Tunguska Event remains a mystery and its causes continue to be debated. The possibility that the blast was caused by a comet or meteor entering the Earths atmosphere creates additional worry. If one meteor could cause this much damage, then there is a serious possibility that in the future, a similar meteor could enter Earths atmosphere and rather than landing in remote Siberia, land on a populated area. The result would be catastrophic.

Tetley Tea Alternative Advertisement - 9302 Words

Contents Executive Summary 3 Tea in Pakistan 4 Headlines 4 Trends 4 Competitive Landscape 5 Prospects 6 Category Data 8 Company Snapshot 11 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TETLEY 13 Buyer Analysis 16 Brand Loyalty 16 Demographics 16 Consumer awareness 16 Factors related to Consumer Behavior:- 16 Who buys the product? 17 Market segmentation 18 Target Market 18 Market Segmentation Basis 18 Demographics 18 Age 18 Education 18 Income 18 Use Situation 19 Use Related 19 BENEFIT 19 Goals 19 Selection of Goals 20 Positive Motivation 20 Rational vs. Emotional Motives 20 Success and Failure Influence 20 Substitute Goals 21 Arousal of Motives 21 Maslow’s Needs 21 Attitude Formation of Tetley 21†¦show more content†¦While the majority of tea is sold through retail outlets, foodservice volume sales increased at a faster rate in 2009, 7%, than retail volume sales, 5%. Small independent restaurants, which are present throughout the country, particularly in rural areas, are the key sellers of food service tea. Small independent restaurants that sell inexpensive food also sell loose tea. These restaurants are widespread throughout Pakistan and are found in both rural and urban areas. Restaurants that target middle- and upper-income groups generally sell packaged/branded tea. Lipton and Tapal are the key brands which are used by foodservice channels. In addition to retail sales through restaurants, almost all small and large grocery stores carry packaged tea as one of their main products. There are, however, speciality tea shops in key areas that sell a large variety of loose tea. The price of tea per kg increased by 43% to PKR408 in 2009. Black standard tea bags suffered the highest price increases in 2009, jumping by 46%. Tea prices increased on a global scale in 2009, as a result of poor harvests in Kenya, Sri Lanka and India, while the situation was exacerbated in Pakistan due to its rupee losing value against the US dollar. As Pakistani consumers become increasingly aware of Western trends and lifestyles they have been drawn to fruit/herbal tea. Local producers have been quick to capitalise onShow MoreRelatedTapal Danedar Marketing Mix3370 Words   |  14 PagesPRICING AND PRICING STRATEGY 10 DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL 11 DESIGNING THE CHANNEL 12 MEETING THE CHALLENGES IN FACING CHANNEL MEMBERS 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 Product Attributes Tapal Danedar and Family mixture are the largest selling tea brands of Pakistan. The brand was born from its inherent granular ingredient. Currently, the brand name has become generic and was even used later by Lipton, after which Tapal launched its own campaign called Asli Tapal Danedar. In this way, the brandRead MoreImpact of Celebrity Endorsement with Non-Celebrity Endorsement8007 Words   |  33 Pageswho are socially prominent, allowing companies to advertise their products with statements like as used by such-and-such an actress, or the official product of company/event X. 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Maverick free essay sample

People often take it for granted how significant it is when someone lets them into his or her strange little world. They take for granted how much courage it takes to be completely open and transparent. That’s the toughest thing about writing to me. I have been writing and creating stories since before I even knew how to write. Before I had been taught what all these letters really mean, what all these symbols infer, I would have my mom write down journal entries as I recited them in my squeaky, toddler English. When I did learn how to read and write, I would spend hours of my free time writing stories, filling pages with whatever was in my head. I wrote about heroes and dragons and maidens. I wrote about strength and fate and love. Later I wrote about the world, about the beautiful and the ugly, and the thin line that separates them. We will write a custom essay sample on Maverick or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While I loved telling stories, there was always something that scared me about it: criticism. The thing that hurt most when someone criticized my work was that they don’t always realize how much of myself I put in to it. It can really mess you up inside when a critic hates your work, or even if they just pass it off as forgettable. A critic doesn’t always realize that even if the story is straight out of Wonderland, that’s me on the paper. Those emotions brought to life by vivid characters started out inside of me. They grew and grew until the only thing left was to write about them. Sometimes I would want to yell at a negative critic, â€Å"That’s my dream you’re talking about! That’s me,† but I never did. For a while this really twisted my guts. I didn’t know how to write for myself, whilst retaining the approval of my audience. During this time I found that I was dissatisfied with my work, but was still too scared to give my self up to the critics. It was easier just to be numb to it all. Last year I attended the New England Young Writer’s Conference at the Breadloaf campus in Middlebury, Vermont. I knew that it was going to be a bunch of writers there who would have shared my struggle, so I decided to bring some of my more personal pieces to be workshopped. As soon as I got there I was having a great time connecting with a lot of unique people, but I still felt reserved. During my second day there, the author under whom I was studying, Rone Shavers, said something that lit a fire inside of me. He said, â€Å"When faced with negative feedback for following your dreams say, thank you, but think screw you. That night I mustered up the courage to read some of my fiction aloud at an open mic. Well, I told them it was fiction but iwas more like a memoir. Once more, I had ventured to put my heart on the page and now I stood before an open mic that might as well have been the mouth of a lion’s den. I began to read and tried to have a strong voice. My whole bo dy was shaking. When I had finished, I looked up and everyone was clapping. I knew some were just being polite, but it appeared as thought they had genuinely enjoyed it. I felt like a king. I realized that telling my stories wasn’t about feeding back to people what I thought they might like. Anyone can regurgitate standard mediocrity with the forced appeal of a piped-in laugh track. I realized that to write, not for the approval of others, but for the simple sake of creating something special, I had spill my guts out. I had to divulge my secrets and hope that maybe even if some people didn’t approve of them, someone else might be able to connect to them. So rather than write for the approval of others I wrote for their enlightenment or entertainment. In doing so I accepted the risks: the heat of failure, defeat, and humiliation. I realized, however, that the only way to be true to myself, in the hope that somebody else might connect to my work, I would have to do whate ver it takes to pour forth my very life and the ideals that make it mine. I would have to have the courage to let them into my strange little world.